Dictionary lookup word
(Ind. Present 1.sg.): sum
Active Nominal Forms
Infinitive:
esse
Present participle:
sēns; séntis
Future participle:
esúrus
Gerund:
eséndum
Gerundive:
eséndus
Passive Nominal Forms
Infinitive:
esse
Perfect participle:
esum
Active
Indicative
Present
| ego | sum |
| tū | es |
| is | est |
| nōs | sumus |
| vōs | éstis |
| iī | sunt |
Imperfect
| ego | eram |
| tū | erās |
| is | erat |
| nōs | erā́mus |
| vōs | erā́tis |
| iī | erant |
I Future
| ego | erō |
| tū | eris |
| is | erit |
| nōs | érimus |
| vōs | éritis |
| iī | erunt |
Perfect
| ego | fuī |
| tū | fuístī |
| is | fuit |
| nōs | fúimus |
| vōs | fuístis |
| iī | fuḗrunt |
Pluperfect
| ego | fúeram |
| tū | fúerās |
| is | fúerat |
| nōs | fuerā́mus |
| vōs | fuerā́tis |
| iī | fúerant |
II Future
| ego | fúerō |
| tū | fúeris |
| is | fúerit |
| nōs | fuérimus |
| vōs | fuéritis |
| iī | fúerint |
Subjunctive
Present
| ego | sim |
| tū | sīs |
| is | sit |
| nōs | sīmus |
| vōs | sītis |
| iī | sint |
Imperfect
| ego | essem; forem |
| tū | essēs; forēs |
| is | esset; foret |
| nōs | essḗmus |
| vōs | essḗtis |
| iī | essent; forent |
Perfect
| ego | fúerim |
| tū | fúeris |
| is | fúerit |
| nōs | fuérimus |
| vōs | fuéritis |
| iī | fúerint |
Pluperfect
| ego | fuíssem |
| tū | fuíssēs |
| is | fuísset |
| nōs | fuissḗmus |
| vōs | fuissḗtis |
| iī | fuíssent |
Passive
Indicative
Present
Imperfect
I Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
II Future
Subjunctive
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
Verbs conjugated like 'sum'
absum,
adsum,
desum,
insum,
intersum,
obsum,
possum,
praesum,
prodsum,
subsum,
sum,
supersum,
Verbs similar to 'sum'
sumo,
suo,
absum,
adsum,
desum,
fumo,
humo,
insum,
luo,
obsum,
Translations
exist, to be
get, colloquial: to be
have, to possess
have, auxiliary used in forming the perfect and the past perfect tenses
Etymology
1. Etymology tree
2. Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-
3. Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti
4. Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
5. Proto-Indo-European *-t
6. Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt
7. Proto-Italic *ezom~*som
8. Old Latin 𐌄𐌔𐌏𐌌 (esom)
9. Old Latin esum
10. Latin sum
11. From Proto-Italic *ezom~*som, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics. See: Proto-Italic '
*ezom', Proto-Indo-European '
*h₁ésti'.
Verbs referencing "sum"
English
is, Galician
ir, Ladino ir, Portuguese
ir, Spanish
ir, Italian
essere, French
être, Asturian
ser, Galician
ser, Mirandese
ser, Portuguese
ser, Spanish
ser, Aromanian
est, Corsican
esse, Piemontese
esse, Wallon esse, Asturian
dir, Danish
være, Norwegian
være, Romanian
fi, Ladin
ester, Old Occitan
esser, Rhaeto-Romance
esser, Aromanian
hiu, Old Church Slavonic
бꙑти, Valencian
ésser, Occitan
èsser, Aromanian
escu, Dalmatian
saite, Friulian
jessi, Occitan
èstre.
Additional Information
Cognates
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Sample Sentences
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locutusque est Dominus ad Mosen in deserto Sinai in tabernaculo foederis prima die mensis secundi anno altero egressionis eorum ex Aegypto dicens
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tollite summam universae congregationis filiorum Israhel per cognationes et domos suas et nomina singulorum quicquid sexus est masculini
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quorum ista sunt nomina de Ruben Elisur filius Sedeur
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sicut praeceperat Dominus Mosi numeratique sunt in deserto Sinai
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de Ruben primogenito Israhelis per generationes et familias ac domos suas et nomina capitum singulorum omne quod sexus est masculini a vicesimo anno et supra procedentium ad bellum
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de filiis Symeon per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt per nomina et capita singulorum omne quod sexus est masculini a vicesimo anno et supra procedentium ad bellum
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de filiis Gad per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt per nomina singulorum a viginti annis et supra omnes qui ad bella procederent
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recensiti sunt septuaginta quattuor milia sescenti
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recensiti sunt quinquaginta quattuor milia quadringenti
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de filiis Zabulon per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt per nomina singulorum a vicesimo anno et supra omnes qui poterant ad bella procedere
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de filiis Ioseph filiorum Ephraim per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt per nomina singulorum a vicesimo anno et supra omnes qui poterant ad bella procedere
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porro filiorum Manasse per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt per nomina singulorum a viginti annis et supra omnes qui poterant ad bella procedere
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de filiis Beniamin per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt nominibus singulorum a vicesimo anno et supra omnes qui poterant ad bella procedere
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de filiis Dan per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt nominibus singulorum a vicesimo anno et supra omnes qui poterant ad bella procedere
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de filiis Aser per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt per nomina singulorum a vicesimo anno et supra omnes qui poterant ad bella procedere
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de filiis Nepthali per generationes et familias ac domos cognationum suarum recensiti sunt nominibus singulorum a vicesimo anno et supra omnes qui poterant ad bella procedere
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hii sunt quos numeraverunt Moses et Aaron et duodecim principes Israhel singulos per domos cognationum suarum
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Levitae autem in tribu familiarum suarum non sunt numerati cum eis
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locutusque est Dominus ad Mosen dicens
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sed constitue eos super tabernaculum testimonii cuncta vasa eius et quicquid ad caerimonias pertinet ipsi portabunt tabernaculum et omnia utensilia eius et erunt in ministerio ac per gyrum tabernaculi metabuntur
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cum proficiscendum fuerit deponent Levitae tabernaculum cum castra metanda erigent quisquis externorum accesserit occidetur
Vulgate Verses
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(Genesis 1:2) terra autem erat inanis et vacua et tenebrae super faciem abyssi et spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
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(Genesis 1:3) dixitque Deus fiat lux et facta est lux And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
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(Genesis 1:4) et vidit Deus lucem quod esset bona et divisit lucem ac tenebras And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
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(Genesis 1:5) appellavitque lucem diem et tenebras noctem factumque est vespere et mane dies unus And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
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(Genesis 1:7) et fecit Deus firmamentum divisitque aquas quae erant sub firmamento ab his quae erant super firmamentum et factum est ita And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
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(Genesis 1:8) vocavitque Deus firmamentum caelum et factum est vespere et mane dies secundus And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
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(Genesis 1:9) dixit vero Deus congregentur aquae quae sub caelo sunt in locum unum et appareat arida factumque est ita And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
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(Genesis 1:10) et vocavit Deus aridam terram congregationesque aquarum appellavit maria et vidit Deus quod esset bonum And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.
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(Genesis 1:11) et ait germinet terra herbam virentem et facientem semen et lignum pomiferum faciens fructum iuxta genus suum cuius semen in semet ipso sit super terram et factum est ita And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
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(Genesis 1:12) et protulit terra herbam virentem et adferentem semen iuxta genus suum lignumque faciens fructum et habens unumquodque sementem secundum speciem suam et vidit Deus quod esset bonum And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.