toivodak – Proto-Finnic verb conjugation

Proto-Finnic verb forms of toivodak

Infinitives

Infinitive Itoivodak
Infinitive IItoivodë

Supine

toivoma

Verbal Noun

toivominën

Participles

Active Presenttoivoba
Passive Presenttoivodapa; toivottapa
Active Pasttoivonut
Passive Pasttoivodu; toivottu

Indicative

Present

Sg.1toivon
Sg.2toivot
Sg.3toivobi; toivo
Pl.1toivokma
Pl.2toivokta
Pl.3toivobat; toivo

Past

Sg.1toivoin
Sg.2toivoit
Sg.3toivoi
Pl.1toivoima
Pl.2toivoida
Pl.3toivoi

Present

Passivetoivoksën; toivot'aksën; toivodapa; toivottapa
Connegativetoivok
Passive Connegativetoivoktak

Past

Passivetoivodisën; toivottisën; toivodu; toivottu

Imperative

Sg.2toivok
Sg.3toivogasën
Pl.1toivogatëma
Pl.2toivogata
Pl.3toivogasën

Optative

Sg.1toivogon
Sg.2toivogos
Sg.3toivogosën
Pl.1toivogotëma
Pl.2toivogotta
Pl.3toivogosën

Imperative

Passivetoivodakahën; toivottakahën
Connegativetoivogak
Passive Connegativetoivodagak; toivottagak

Optative

Passivetoivodakohën; toivottakohën
Connegativetoivogok
Passive Connegativetoivodagok; toivottagok

Conditional I

Sg.1toivokcin
Sg.2toivokcit
Sg.3toivokci
Pl.1toivokcima
Pl.2toivokcita
Pl.3toivokci

Conditional II

Sg.1toivoicin
Sg.2toivoicit
Sg.3toivoici
Pl.1toivoicima
Pl.2toivoicita
Pl.3toivoici

Conditional I

Passivetoivodakcihën; toivot'akcihën
Connegativetoivokcik
Passive Connegativetoivodakcik; toivot'akcik

Conditional II

Passivetoivodicihën; toivotticihën
Connegativetoivoicik
Passive Connegativetoivodicik; toivotticik

Potential

Sg.1toivonën
Sg.2toivonët
Sg.3toivoni
Pl.1toivonëma
Pl.2toivonëta
Pl.3toivoni

Potential

Passivetoivodanëhën; toivottanëhën
Connegativetoivonëk
Passive Connegativetoivodanëk; toivottanëk

Etymology

1. Unknown. Related to Proto-Samic *toajvōtēk, suggesting earlier *tojwa-w-, although the Sami words may be borrowed from Finnic.
2. Koivulehto (2003) has proposed that the word is an Indo-Iranian borrowing (and akin to Sanskrit दैव (daiva, “divine”)), but Holopainen & Junttila (2022) considers this etymology highly speculative due to morphological and semantic difficulties.

Sample Sentences