puter – Latin adjective declension

Adjective: puter
Hyphenation:

Declension: Third

Nominative

Singular masc.	puter; putris
Singular fem.	putris
Singular neut.	putre
Plural masc.	putrēs
Plural fem.	putrēs
Plural neut.	putria

Genitive

Singular masc.	putris
Singular fem.	putris
Singular neut.	putris
Plural masc.	putrium
Plural fem.	putrium
Plural neut.	putrium

Dative

Singular masc.	putrī
Singular fem.	putrī
Singular neut.	putrī
Plural masc.	putribus
Plural fem.	putribus
Plural neut.	putribus

Accusative

Singular masc.	putrem
Singular fem.	putrem
Singular neut.	putre
Plural masc.	putrīs; putrēs
Plural fem.	putrīs; putrēs
Plural neut.	putria

Ablative

Singular masc.	putrī
Singular fem.	putrī
Singular neut.	putrī
Plural masc.	putribus
Plural fem.	putribus
Plural neut.	putribus

Vocative

Singular masc.	puter; putris
Singular fem.	putris
Singular neut.	putre
Plural masc.	putrēs
Plural fem.	putrēs
Plural neut.	putria

Comparison

Sample Sentences

Adjectives inflected like puter

puter,

Etymology

1. From a stem *pŭtri-, commonly considered a close cognate to Old Irish othar m (“sickness”) (from a stem pŭtro-), from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“rotten, foul”) (also the source of Latin pūs (“pus, foul matter”) and pūteō (“to be rotten”) and English foul; see links for additional cognates).
2. It is uncertain why *pŭtri- and *pŭtro- have short *ŭ, since the rules for the evolution of preconsonantal Proto-Indo-European *-uH- in Italic and Celtic are disputed. Proposed explanations include:
3. *shortening of long vowels in a pretonic syllable (*puH-trí- > *pūtrí- > putri-) (sometimes called "Dybo's Law"). As there are a number of apparent counterexamples to this sound change, it is often proposed that it was only regular in certain conditions, but there is no agreement on what those conditions were.
4. *simplification of a laryngeal before a two-consonant *-TC- sequence, or more specifically, before a stop + resonant + vowel (sometimes called the "Weather Rule", "Wetter-Regel" or "WR")
5. *a variant root form *pHu-. (However, Zair 2012 argues that the sequences *CHiC-/*CHuC- probably underwent metathesis to *CiHC-/*CuHC- in Proto-Indo-European.)
6. Like all other Latin three-termination third-declension adjectives, the nominative forms were affected by a combination of sound changes and analogy. The masculine nominative singular puter (rare; found in Varro and Ovid) would be the regular phonetic outcome of an earlier form *putr̥s (with syllabic *r̥), from syncope of original putris. (Compare ter from Proto-Indo-European *trís.) It is also declined as a two-termination adjective with the alternative masculine nominative singular putris (e.g. "lapis ipse gracilis et putris", Pliny Epistulae 10.39). See: English Adjectives 'foul'.

Verbs referencing "puter"

English Adjectives foul, Asturian Adjectives podre, Galician Adjectives podre, Portuguese Adjectives podre.

Translations